Whitm War Changes A Society - 1287 Words

Whitman: War Changes a Society Walt Whitman, a great American poet to be compared to Emily Dickinson and Edgar Allan Poe, exists at the heart of American culture. Whitman’s work has not lost its appeal because it still applies to America in the new millennia; America is still deeply troubled by issues of division, hypocrisy, and racism—much unlike the America of inclusion and forbearance Whitman envisioned for American in Leaves of Grass. Although Leaves of Grass is often considered Whitman’s most influential work, Whitman spent eighty-five chapters of his autobiography discussing his war experiences, even though his life through 1860 seemed to be the years crucial to the background of Leaves. When considering Whitman’s view that the war†¦show more content†¦The captain is representative of Lincoln, whom Whitman identified with. Lincoln was a symbol of authority and power that Whitman felt he could believe in. Lincoln was someone who had become a great leader from humble beginnings. For Whitman, Lincoln was â€Å"†¦the president who defended the freedom and integrity of the United States against the perpetuation of the odious institution of slavery† (Campo 126). Lincoln was the â€Å"Redeemer President† Whitman had sought for so long. In the poem, after a long, dangerous voyage, the speaker, a sailor on the ship, yells at the captain of the ship to let him know they have finally arrived home safe and sound. Although the trip was obviously arduous, the crew has succeeded in their mission; the speaker states that â€Å"the prize we sought is won† (Kaplan 467). The ship approaches the harbor, its home. Arriving in the harbor, would suggest safety and the conclusion of the crew’s long, treacherous journey. If Lincoln is the ship’s captain, then the ship represents the voyage of the United States as a whole. â€Å"The fearful trip† (Kaplan 467) is the country’s civil war and i ts journey toward a peaceful solution and reunion of the country. As the crew approaches this symbol of wellbeing, the people at the port cheer, â€Å"the people all exulting† (Kaplan 467). Despite the happiness of the people awaiting the ship and crew, the ship is described as â€Å"grim and

Digital Music Piracy - Cant Stop, Wont Stop - 3565 Words

Digital Music Piracy Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop Digital music piracy, or the unlawful downloading of copyrighted music, has been a controversial topic for more than a decade now. The issue was first brought to attention in 1998 when Shawn Fanning created Napster. Though the MP3 file was originally developed in 1987, Napster represented the first mainstream and user-friendly program to transfer and download these files. Napster, a peer-to-peer (P2P) program, allowed online users to connect with one another and swap copyrighted music, videos, and other files contained on their computers, thus providing a way to get free music online. (157) Since music artists and record companies were uncompensated when consumers downloaded†¦show more content†¦(19) There is no doubt that downloading and CD-R burning are cutting into sales, and that it is the major means by which the majority of artists make a living from. Although touring is another source of income it is impossible for it to fund an entire career. There are of cours e, some artists that are reaching stardom and able to make a very substantial living, but as the CRIA said, for the industry that has invested in them, those profits are turned right back into funding new artists. So if consumers want a wide variety of music and their favorite artists to succeed, than they must support them by buying their music, plain and simple. So what can be done to decrease music piracy? Besides creating new laws, and suing P2P websites for copyright infringement there are other fronts being explored. On the technological front labels are working with several companies in creating a more secure music format. One example is DRM-wrapped digital files and streams. A process used to limit the usage of digital content. Other options include copy-protected CD’s, and products like Data-Play, DVD-Audio and SACD, which basically only allow access of information to one specific user. On the commercial side of the fight, record companies are beginning to offer much lower prices, new legitimate digital services, as well as many special features likeShow MoreRelatedThe Internet And Its Effects On The World941 Words   |  4 Pagespornography. The only way to stop horrible deeds like this from happening is by censoring the internet. Imagine a musician who put their heart and soul into creating music that they can share with the whole world. He goes through the entire process of uploading his song onto ITunes. Except when he is done it appears that no one is buying his music. Everyone is buying his music for free off a piracy website called BitTorrent. Now he won’t be able to earn his money and he can’t get the official recognitionRead MoreProtecting Ideas with Copyright1308 Words   |  5 PagesEvery process born on an idea. Here is when most organizations have their origins. Like every production process, music production is protected from the idea to distribution and sharing. Let’s start from ‘songwriting and composition’.  ¹According to the law, the lyrics that are written by a songwriter are considered literary works and protected by copyright. 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The purpose of this examination is to reveal what keeps the pirates running, what is being done to curb them, and ethical issues involving the unauthorized duplicationRead MoreHanson Production18651 Words   |  75 Pages Chapter Five: CONCLUSIONS amp; RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary of Findings   5.2 Discussion amp; Recommendations   5.3 Reflections   5.4 Further Research Needed   6. REFERENCES 1. Chapter One: INTRODUCTION In these modern times of instant digital communication, film has turn out to be one of the most vital way through various nations and cultures reveal their values and identities. Moving image technologies has turn out to be all-encompassing in our lives. They are huge business. Apart fromRead More The Greed of Music Industry Executives and Declining Record Sales5438 Words   |  22 PagesThe Greed of Music Industry Executives and Declining Record Sales The music recording industry is in trouble. For several years now, sales of new and popular music have steadily declined and show no sign of changing. The record companies are quick to blame the growing popularity of the Internet; music is being traded in a digital form online, often anonymously, with the use of file-sharing programs such as Morpheus, KaZaA, and Imesh, to name a few. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America)

Undefined free essay sample

Undefined For the past seventeen years of my life I have been trying, with no avail to figure out who I am. Ever since I was little there were always constant reminders of how I simply do not fit in. Upon inquiring the thought that I simply do not â€Å"belong†, I began to mentally list what I do know about myself. I know that I am analytical, unusually outgoing, and lack the sense of fear that most feel when approaching or being approached by new people. These qualities that have dictated my life culminated in one experience that I will never forget. As I walked through Washington Square Park, I found myself taken back by what I found in front of me. Two men, one in nothing but a green speedo and sesame street bib and another clad in red parachute pants, covered in mustard had drawn an unusually large crowd around them. We will write a custom essay sample on Undefined or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being the inquisitive and curious person that I am I had no choice but to sit in and try to make sense of the madness. As the men went on and on, making outrageously random yet hilarious claims such as â€Å"Lindsay Lohan brought science and spirituality into the world as she declared that N’SYNC isn’t popular anymore† I became more and more interested in what these two men were actually doing. Some people were turned off by their brashness and walked away only to trigger more outrageous songs and dances. Out of the one hundred or so people watching, for some reason the men became particularly drawn to me. Though I hadn’t said a word, they both began preaching about how I have â€Å"Good qualities† and had no trouble making up even more songs and dances about it. The show began to get slow as the men began running out of things to say, recognizing this I jumped up out of my seat and began acting out the endless random drama/ musical that the men were creating before everyone’s eyes. For about ten minutes, the three of us sung, danced and acted making up everything as we went. My experience with the two brash men helped me come to the realization that I do not need to â€Å"fit in† to any one category. My ability to connect and show a genuine interest in what anyone is doing allows me to fit into a category of my own. This value instilled in me has shaped me into the man I am today and with open eyes and an open heart I believe that I can take on the world

Is Latin American Unity a good idea Why/Why not

Great achievements in life rarely happen to lone persons or nations but to people working in unity. People have to put their minds together, and nations have to strive for objectives together, even if they are to achieve the simplest things.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is Latin American Unity a good idea? Why/Why not? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While unity is strength considering the multiple advantages that come along with it, it also comes at a heavy price – the problem of differences. Disagreements, and sometimes inequalities, are inevitable whenever nations and people decide to unite. In a unity pact, some states reap great benefits, while others reap only a smaller share of the fruits of unity. Nevertheless, after Latin American nations bury their resentments, grievances, and vindictiveness they stand a chance of attaining their objectives. This paper attempts to prove why Latin American uni ty is a brilliant idea. At least for some time now, there have been serious talks and growing awareness of the idea to unite the Latin American nations. For instance, in 2008 during the inauguration of the summit termed â€Å"Unity for Latin America and the Caribbean†, about thirty-three countries came together to consider working together as a people seriously, irrespective of their differences (Chomsky 2008). Felipe Calderon (the Mexican President) clearly reminded the regional States that they could not afford to stay disunited in the contemporary world. Differences would only hold the Latin American block enemies of peace.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Felipe thus concluded by saying that they could only move forward by uniting based on things that they share together, without necessarily disregarding those that make them different, for their similarities far overshadow the ir dissimilarities (Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit Declaration 2010, pp.1-4). The other well articulated speech was from the Brazilian President, Luiz Inacio. He claimed that the Latin American countries, from the largest to the smallest nation, were quickly waking up to the idea that as a united bloc they stand better chances to contribute in global politics. He also asserted that the more these countries contribute in the global wealth, the more chances they stand from keeping off the crises that are created by richer nations from hitting on those who did not create them (Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit Declaration 2010, pp.1-4). Both of these speeches give an insight just into how much the Latin American people are thirsting for regional unity. Just to borrow from Abraham Lincoln, former U.S President, a house that is divided is a collapsed house (Goodwin 2005, p.86). History teaches that a divided people will always come crushing to hostile forces. The Briti sh, for instance, applied the â€Å"divide and rule† method to take advantage of the bickering and wrangling countries and then harshly hit on them (Kumar 1990). The policy has constantly recurred in the Indian history. Dictatorial powers have continuously exploited and abused the feudal states by taking advantage of their disunity and internal discords. The truth is that, if countries and people are united, nothing can unsettle them (Thursby 1975, p.86). Unity is power and strength. The overall interest is more salient than the individual aspirations. If the Latin American people manage to bury their dissimilarities and unite on their strengths, they will claim their rightful share in global politics and wealth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is Latin American Unity a good idea? Why/Why not? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idea of Latin American Unity has a long history, which runs back probably to the independence of Brazil and Spanish America (Roxborough 1984, p.22). At this time, the idea to create a regional state was strongly favoured in order to protect the region’s newly gained sovereignty. There was also the discussion to form a â€Å"Confederation of Latin American States† to stamp their autonomy. These projects did not succeed at the time until the nineteenth century when the discussion resurfaced. This time, it was not about protecting Latin American autonomy, but in building international trade with other like-minded countries. The involved states collaborated with several other countries, but their happiness was short-lived. Like the previous projects, the idea did not yield much, and the entire discussion collapsed altogether. After World War II, international institutions like the United Nations were created and thus the idea of Latin American Unity resurfaced once more. The post war experience taught the Latin American countries that no unilatera l government could protect its territorial integrity in the event of continental aggression. The then U.S President, George Marshall, managed to mobilise more than twenty countries to fight communism and bring down Soviet Republic, and this aspect also motivated the Latin American block to push for unity (Herz 2011, p.78).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By mid twentieth century, the idea of unity was slowly crystallising and Latin American organisations partially started forming up. Most of these institutions revolved around their colonial mother countries to which they shared some of their cultures. The region held its first major summit in 1991, called â€Å"Ibero-American Summit†, and three presidents attended. â€Å"Iberoamerican Community of Nations† was the product of the Summit, and even today the Mexican, Brazilian, and Spanish heads of States yearly attend its sittings. While the region first moved to unite on the grounds of regional political autonomy, the outstanding organisations were created based on trade and not political affairs. For instance, in 1951, the involved nations incepted the Organisation of Central American States (ODECA) to promote regional integration and enhance trade in Central America. In 1960, â€Å"six signatories signed the Latin American Free Trade Associated (ALALC) with an aim of offering tariff discounts to its member states† (Chomsky 2008, Para. 16). The Treaty of Montevideo (ALALC) was later renamed the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI). Its main goal was to create a common market for regional nations. In 1969, five member states formed the Andean Pact to promote economic cooperation program (O’Keefe 2009, p. 214). It was later renamed the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). The region held its first major summit in 1991, called â€Å"Ibero-American Summit† to promote free movement of goods. In 1995, G3 Free Trade Agreement (GFTA) came to being to enhance free trade. Besides trade, the region also discovered other areas where they could enhance their regional unity. They realised, for instance, that through regional parliaments they could drive most of their objectives. One such parliament was formed in 1987 and was named the Latin American Parliament (LAP), which is built in Panama City. The region also created another Pa rliament in 2004, ‘Mercosur Parliament’, which was expected to be in use by 2010 (O’Keefe 2009, p.73). In 2007, the region created the Union of South American Nations (USAN). In fact, the media had referred to this union as the United States of South America (USSA). All these were attempts to realising the Latin American vision of uniting the region (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences 1956, p.19). One of the recent attempts to unite the region dubbed the ‘Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit Declaration’ (CELAC) was constituted in Mexico in 2010 by the twenty-first summit of the Rio Group. It took place on the 22nd and 23rd of February. Its objective was to reaffirm the region’s conviction of forming a formidable organisation that unites all the Latin American and Caribbean countries. To undertake this effort, the players of the summit focused much in uniting the regi on under political, economic, social, and cultural fronts. Without independent and sustainable democracy in the region, quality of life, and equal opportunities, the member-States realised that they might not materialise their aspirations for the region. Therefore, they sought to harmonise their strengths and weaknesses by exchanging experiences and forging ways and mechanisms that would unite them more than dividing them. The idea to unite the Latin American community is certainly an excellent idea, and the involved states are already proving to the rest of the world that they have the capacity to change their destiny to the world that any other democratic state would aspire to become. Just by looking at the positive changes in the region, Latin Americans are quietly telling the rest of the world that they are a force to reckon. CELAC, for instance, aims at transforming the region’s economic, political, and cultural space to a formidable force in the world (Nikandrov 2011). Other organisations like the South American Nations Union (UNASUR) have become unnerving tools in protecting the region from external interferences and are strongly telling the world that they have the power to ensure that the regional peace is of outmost importance to them. In fact, by concentrating on their strengths, many organisations are proving that they have more things that unite them than what divides them. With Colombia and FARC resuming peace talks, the two parties are sending a message that the Latin American unity is more pertinent to them than in fighting (Nikandrov 2011). The region is also fast becoming a key actor in promoting justice not just in Latin America, but also in the rest of the world. In recent months, for instance, the body has actively supported Ecuador’s effort to grant political asylum to those that lack fair trials in their mother countries (Schuster 2003, p.209). Julian Assange of the polemical â€Å"Wikileaks† is just one of these pol itical asylums. In other words, Latin America is moving from a regional voice to a more global political mouthpiece. In fact, in the near future it might just become the hub of world democracy (Heinze Fitzmaurice 1998, p.156). The Latin American unity has also seen the political scenarios in the region favourably work to their advantage (Leathley 2007, p.118). The world is already seeing the region’s political governments changing from the historical dictatorial tendencies to people’s governments. Cuban people, for instance, have massively benefited from the region’s unity. A people that were once aggressively treated can now enjoy peace in the Latin American world. The regional unity has brought along some of the fundamental uniform policies and administration that has thoroughly done away with the dictatorial structures. Furthermore, history indicates that unity is stability. The more united countries are the more settled they become (Phillips 2002, p.99). Wi th Latin American States uniting, it is unlikely that one country will pick up arms against another. Conflicts would always be resolved at early stages amongst member countries. In fact, it creates a forum in which countries can identify their differences and forge ways of moving forward. Besides, Latin American unity will create more opportunities for member states to participate in global decision-making. Nevertheless, unity among states has both merits and demerits. Despite the numerous benefits that the Latin American states are likely to accrue after uniting, the unity might also give way to economic disintegration if not well managed. For decades, nations within the Euro zone enjoyed a stable relationship. The countries had strong economies and enjoyed stable economic relations. Nevertheless, poor leadership in some of the states has led to all the member states suffering from the current euro crisis (Pew Research centre 2012, para.6-9). The same case might apply to the Latin American states. Even though the different countries are likely to strengthen their economic ties thus boosting their economies, failure by some of the member states might adversely affect the economies of all the member states. Even though the Latin American states are likely to benefit from their unity, the states are yet to achieve unity. There are varied factors that still hinder unity in this region. One of the factors is the distinct ideological models embraced by the various countries. The Latin American states have different ethnic compositions, huge disparities in social and economic development, varied political institutions, and different international policies (Schaffner Horn 2003, p.46). Despite the call for unity in the region, the different countries continue chasing divergent goals with contradicting policies and approaches. Lack of common goals within the region is hindering the unity among the Latin American states. In Latin America, transnational integration is t aking place at the corporate and professional levels rather than at the governmental levels (Schaffner Horn 2003, p.43). Rather than uniting, the Latin American countries continue forming clusters. Countries like Mexico and the Caribbean are strengthening their ties with the United States, while Brazil enhances its ties with Africa, Middle East, and Asia. The divergent ideologies held by leaders in the various Latin America states are hindering unity among the states. Reference List Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences 1956, Regional Round Table on Forages in Central America, Costa Rica, Bib. Orton IICA/CATIE. Chomsky, N. 2008, Latin American Unity. Web. Goodwin, D. 2005, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, Simon and Schuster, New York. Heinze, E. Fitzmaurice, M. 1998, Landmark Cases in Public International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, London. Herz, M. 2011, The Organisation of American States (Oas), Taylor Francis, New York. Kumar, R. 1990, Problem of Communalism in India, Mittal Publications, New Delhi. Latin American and Caribbean Unity Summit Declaration 2010. Web. Leathley, C. 2007, International Dispute Resolution in Latin America: An Institutional Overview, Kluwer Law International, Netherlands. Nikandrov, N. 2011, US Gangsterism actually Reinforces Latin American Unity. Web. O’Keefe, T. 2009, Latin American and Caribbean Trade Agreements: Keys to a Prosperous Community of the Americas, Netherlands, BRILL. Pew Research centre 2012, Greeks and Germans at polar opposites: European unity on the rocks. Web. Phillips, J. 2002, Exploring Psalms: An Expository Commentary, Vol 2, Kregel Academy, New York. Roxborough, I. 1984, ‘Unity and Diversity in Latin American History’ Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 16 no. 1, pp. 1-26. Schaffner, H. Horn, C. 2003, Work in America: A-M, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, California. Schuster, L. 2003, The Use and Abuse of Political Asylum in Britain and Germany, Routledge, London. Thursby, G. 1975, Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movement in Northern India, 1923-1928, Netherlands, BRILL. This essay on Is Latin American Unity a good idea? Why/Why not? was written and submitted by user Maria Lane to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History of the Philippines Essay Example

History of the Philippines Essay Example History of the Philippines Paper History of the Philippines Paper CONTRIBUTION AND ACHIEVEMENTS General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901) To make it easier for you to master, always remember why Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was on the 5-peso bill (which is not used anymore, instead his head-profile is on the 5-peso coin) bearing the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day, it’s because he was the  first president  of the Philippines First Republic (a. k. a. Malolos Republic). Contributions and Achievements of Emilio Aguinaldo: * first president * youngest president – he became the country’s leader at age 28 * longest-lived president – he died when he was 94 (wow! * one of the active leaders of KKK * signed the Pact of  Biak na Bato * known as the President of the Revolutionary Government * he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence 2Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944) Notable facts about Manuel Luis Quezon is that, h e is known as the â€Å"Father of National Language† (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa) and he died in Saranac Lake, New York due to tuberculosis. I’ve seen his life-sized wax statue inside the Quezon Memorial Circle, it was well crafted. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon: first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines * first president elected through a national election * first president under the Commonwealth * he created National Council of Education * he initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth * he made Tagalog / Filipino as the national language of the Philippines * he appears on the twenty-peso bill * a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila were named after him * his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle 3 Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945) Laurel was the third to sit at the office during Japanese occupation of World War II. He was the only Filipino president to have been shot outside of combat. Contributions and Achievements of Jose P. Laurel: * he was considered as the legitimate president of the Philippines * he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas). * he declared Martial Law in 1944 * he and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the Philippines 4. Sergio Osmena (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946) Sergio Osmena was the second president of the Commonwealth; he succeeded Quezon after his death. Contributions and Achievements of Sergio Osmena: * he was 65 when he became president– making him the oldest president to hold office * he was the first Visayan to become president * he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II * during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund * on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress * Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso bill Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines overall but he was considered as the third and last president under the Commonwealth and the first of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He only sat in the office for 1 year, 10 months and 18 days. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel A. Roxas: was inaugurated as the new and first president of the new Republic because t he Philippines was finally free after the WW II * in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule * under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by the congress * he is in the 100 peso bill 6,Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953) He was the vice president at Roxas time. He became president when the latter died in 1948. Contributions and Achievements of Elpidio Quirino: under his term Hukbalahap movement was active * he created Social Security Commission * he also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption * in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the Philippines * peso and dollar exchange rate at his time was 1 US = P2 7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957) He was born in Iba, Zambales, was a military governor, and engineer. He died on a plane crash on Dec. 1957, boarding the presidential plane name d â€Å"Mt. Pinatubo Contributions and Achievements of Ramon Magsaysay: * was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs was the first president sworn into office wearing  Barong Tagalogin his inauguration * his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the cleanest and zero-corruption * the Philippines was ranked 2nd  in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries * he established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among his agrarian reforms 8,Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961) Another lawyer, Carlos P. Garcia was a poet, teacher, and guerilla leader too. Born from Bohol, he was the vice president of Magsaysay and secretary of Foreign Affairs for 4 years. He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957. Contributions and Achievements of Carlos P. Garcia * he was known for  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Filipino First Policy† * he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce * was known as the â€Å"Prince of Visayan Poets† and the â€Å"bard from Bohol† * cultural arts was revived during his term * was the first president to have his remains buried at the  Libingan ng mga Bayani 9. Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965) He was born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal is the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the 14thand second woman president of the Philippines. He was a lawyer and a professor, too. Contributions and Achievements of Diosdado Macapagal: * he established the first Land Reform Law * he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange market * he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day * he signed the Minimum Wage Law * he signed the creation of the Philippine Veteran’s Bank 10,Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986) Born from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for 3 years. He was president for 21 years and only quit office after the People Power Revolution. His wife,  Imelda Marcos  became quite popular in the world too. His term was the most controversial and messy one because of Martial Law and People Power although Marcos has contributed a lot of nice things in the Philippines. He was  one of the best and brightest presidents  even though their family was rumored to have embezzled public funds to Switzerland and other wealthy countries. Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand Marcos: * he was the first president to win a second term * he declared Martial Law on Sept. 2, 1972 * he increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces * in 1980, GNP was 4 times greater than 1972 * in 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia * he built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures than all former presidents did combined * is the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt 11. Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992) The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman president in Asia, Cory Aquino is the wife of Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was assassinated during Marcos regime). She was born in Paniqui, Tarlac Contributions and Achievements of Corazon Aquino: * was named â€Å"Woman of the Year† in 1986 by Time magazine * first woman president of the Philippines and Asia * she’s known to bring back democracy in the country * she abolished 1973 Marcos Constitution brought the new Constitution of the Philippines * she reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government * signed the Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code * she always initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy * she’s been cited as a modern-day Joan of Arc by many she is in the new 500 peso bill together with her husband Ninoy Aquino she has received great honors and awards such as one of: * 100 Women Who Shaped World History * 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th  Century * 65 Great Asian Heroes * a recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understandin 12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998) FVR was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became president. Unknown to many, he’s also a civil engineer. He brought back economic growth and stability in the country in spite of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first and only non-Catholic president of the Philippines. Contributions and Achievements of Fidel V. Ramos * during his time, the Philippines was cited as  Asia’s Next Economic Tiger  because he brought back economic growth * the Philippines celebrated Centennial Independence in 1998 * he’s the only Filipino who received  British Knighthood  from the United Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George) * he led the 4th  APEC Summit held in the Philippines his â€Å"Philippines 2000† vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the best in the world in the mid-90s * Death Penalty was reinstated at his time * he signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF 13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001) Known as Erap, he was the first president who was a famous film actor. His governance had so many downs due to controversies, impeachment and slow economic growth. I thi nk he’s the first president who has been impeached and the second one who was forced to leave the office because of People Power III in Edsa. Philippine economy was at its worst because of leadership uncertainty. Contributions and Achievements of Joseph â€Å"Erap† Estrada: * during his time, the MILF’s headquarters and camps were captured * he joined other leaders and politicians who supported against the Charter Change * was cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989 * was among the â€Å"Magnificent 12† who voted for the termination of the Philippines and US Military Bases Agreement from Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010) Gloria Arroyo, daughter of ex-president Diosdado Macapagal, was the second female president of the Philippines. She was 14 when she moved and lived in the Malacanang Palace. Oakwood Mutiny occurred on her term. There were also lots of messy controversies against Gloria like impeachments and the Hello Garci disgrace but Gloria has known to have contributed big record for road, bridges infrastructures and higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents term did. Amid the 2008 global financial crisis, the Philippines still had an impressive GDP growth and it was so hard to keep it afloat but she did. Contributions and Achievements of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo: * second female president of the country * first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far (to date) * first president to had oath taking outside Luzon an ex-professor of Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University where Noynoy Aduino was one of her students * an ex-classmate of former  US president Bill Clinton  at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service where she maintained Dean’s list status * she regained  higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents before her * Philippine economy grew at its fastest in 3 decades in 2007, GDP exceeding 7% growth * US ex-president Bill Clinton cited Gloria’s â€Å"tough decisions† because of her brilliant strategy to make the countrys economy back in shape amidst the 2008 global fi nancial crisis * Peso became the best performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007 * eVAT Law was implemented under her term * she is currently in the 200 peso bill 15 Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 – present) Son of the first female president of the Philippines and Asia – Corazon Aquino, Benigno Aquino III Aquino a. k. a. NoyNoy joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the first president who is a bachelor, unmarried and has no children. Contributions and Achievements of Benigno Aquino III: * he created the no wang-wang policy and this was practiced on his inaugural address * he assigned the notable Jesse Robredo as the secretary of DILG in 2010. * he initiated the K-12 education in the Philippines * he renamed the Office of the Press Secretary into Presidential Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers * he signed an EO about suspension of allowances and bonuses of GOCCs and GFIs board members * has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement * in 2012, the Philippine economy grew 7. 1% besting other South East Asian countries

An Overview of the Chinese Communist Party

An Overview of the Chinese Communist Party Fewer than 6-percent of the Chinese population are members of China’s Communist Party, yet it is the most powerful political party in the world. How Was the Communist Party of China Founded? The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) began as an informal study group that met in Shanghai starting in 1921. The first Party Congress was held in Shanghai in July 1921. Some 57 members, including Mao Zedong, attended the meeting. Early Influences The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in the early 1920s by intellectuals who were influenced by the Western ideas of anarchism and Marxism. They were inspired by the 1918 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and by the May Fourth Movement, which swept across China at the end of World War I. At the time of the CCP’s founding, China was a divided, backward country ruled by various local warlords and burdened by unequal treaties which gave foreign powers special economic and territorial privileges in China. Looking to the USSR as an example, the intellectuals who founded the CCP believed that Marxist revolution was the best path to strengthen and modernize China. The Early CCP Was a Soviet-Style Party The CCP’s early leaders received funding and guidance from Soviet advisors and many went to the Soviet Union for education and training. The early CCP was a Soviet-style Party led by intellectuals and urban workers who advocated orthodox Marxist-Leninist thought. In 1922, the CCP joined the larger and more powerful revolutionary party, the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT), to form the First United Front (1922-27). Under the First United Front, the CCP was absorbed into the KMT. Its members worked within the KMT to organize urban workers and farmers to support the KMT army’s Northern Expedition (1926-27). The Northern Expedition During the Northern Expedition, which succeeded in defeating the warlords and unifying the country, the KMT split and its leader Chiang Kai-shek led an anti-Communist purge in which thousands of CCP members and supporters were killed. After the KMT established the new Republic of China (ROC) government in Nanjing, it continued its crackdown on the CCP. After the break-up of the First United Front in 1927, the CCP and its supporters fled from the cities to the countryside, where the Party established semi-autonomous â€Å"Soviet base areas,† which they called the Chinese Soviet Republic (1927-1937). In the countryside, the CCP organized its own military force, the Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army. The CCPs headquarters moved from Shanghai to the rural Jiangxi Soviet base area, which was led by the peasant revolutionary Zhu De and Mao Zedong. The Long March The KMT-led central government launched a series of military campaigns against the CCP-controlled base areas, forcing the CCP to undertake the Long March (1934-35), a several-thousand-mile military retreat that ended in the rural village of Yenan in Shaanxi Province. During the Long March, Soviet advisors lost influence over the CCP and Mao Zedong took over control of the Party from Soviet-trained revolutionaries. Based in Yenan from 1936-1949, the CCP changed from an orthodox Soviet-style party based in the cities and led by intellectuals and urban workers to a rural-based Maoist revolutionary party composed primarily of peasants and soldiers. The CCP gained the support of many rural peasants by carrying out land reform which redistributed land from landlords to peasants. The Second United Front Following Japan’s invasion of China, the CCP formed a Second United Front (1937-1945) with the ruling KMT to fight the Japanese. During this period, CCP-controlled areas remained relatively autonomous from the central government. Red Army units waged a guerilla war against Japanese forces in the countryside, and the CCP took advantage of the central government’s preoccupation with fighting Japan to expand the CCP’s power and influence. During the Second United Front, CCP membership increased from 40,000 to 1.2 million and the size of the Red Army surged from 30,000 to nearly one million. When Japan surrendered in 1945, Soviet forces that accepted the surrender of Japanese troops in Northeast China turned over large quantities of arms and ammunition to the CCP. Civil war resumed in 1946 between the CCP and KMT. In 1949, the CCP’s Red Army defeated the military forces of the central government in Nanjing, and the KMT-led ROC government fled to Taiwan. On October 10, 1949, Mao Zedong declared the founding of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. A One-Party State   Although there are other political parties in China, including eight small democratic parties, China is a one-party state and the Communist Party maintains a monopoly on power. The other political parties are under the leadership of the Communist Party and serve in advisory roles. A Party Congress Every Five Years A Party Congress, in which the Central Committee is elected, is held every five years. Over 2,000 delegates attend the Party Congress. The Central Committee’s 204 members elect the 25-member Politburo of the Communist Party, which in turn elects a nine-member Politburo Standing Committee. There were 57 Party members when the first Party Congress was held in 1921. There were 73 million Party members at the 17th Party Congress that was held in 2007. The Party’s Leadership Is Marked by Generations The Party’s leadership is marked by generations, starting with the first generation who led the Communist Party to power in 1949. The second generation was led by Deng Xiaoping, China’s last revolutionary-era leader. During the third generation, led by  Jiang Zemin  and  Zhu Rongji, the CCP deemphasized supreme leadership by one individual and transitioned  to a more group-based decision-making process among a small handful of leaders on the  Standing Committee of the Politburo. The Current Leadership The fourth generation was  led by  Hu Jintao  and  Wen Jiabao. The fifth generation, made up of well-connected Communist Youth League members and the children of high-ranking officials, called ‘Princelings,’ took over in 2012. Power in China is based on a pyramid scheme with supreme power at the top. The Standing Committee of the Politburo holds supreme power. The Committee is responsible for maintaining the Party’s control of the state and military. Its members achieve this by holding the highest positions in the State Council, which oversees the government, the National People’s Congress- China’s rubber-stamp legislature, and the Central Military Commission, which runs the armed forces. The base of the Communist Party includes provincial-level, county-level, and township-level People’s Congresses and Party Committees. Fewer than 6-percent of Chinese are members, yet it is the most powerful political party in the world.

The Impact of the Euro Since its Launch Dissertation

The Impact of the Euro Since its Launch - Dissertation Example The currency had also to revive itself from the initial downturn it suffered and later to sustain the growth achieved by it as an international currency. This paper presents the major advantages and disadvantages of the currency as a single currency and the impact it created on the various economic fronts since its inception. The major purpose of introduction of Euro was to take on the challenges of competition posed by the growing attitude of globalization. The other object envisaged by the European Union through the introduction of Euro was to overcome the barriers imposed by the diversities posed by the different economies. These diversities are caused by the conflicting monetary and fiscal policies of the various governments and the multifarious tariffs and restrictions placed on trade and investment. Before the introduction of Euro the euro-zone currencies were greatly influenced by the rise or fall in the rate of US dollar. The introduction and existence of euro has led to the positive impact of alleviating the financial crisis faced by the euro-zone countries since 1998. Further positive effects of the common European currency in the form of price stability, cheaper and better banking facilities, increase in the competitiveness of the industrial enterprises and welfare of the consumers in general have resulted during the last 8 years of the existence. Most generally the vastness of the European internal market with a single currency made Europe a potential competitor to the market of the US.

Oranizational development careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oranizational development careers - Essay Example igning and developing the training programs across a wide variety of formats including self guided, instructor led, and computer or web based formats, assessing the effectiveness of the training programs, and updating training programs and training materials (HR Jobs, 2009). Educational qualification of BA/BS or an advanced degree in any of the disciplines of pharmacy, education, instructional design, human resources, organizational development or any other related field. The experience requirement is three to five years, with preference for experience in instructional design, development and implementation of training programs and a degree of pharmacy experience. Sound organization, planning and project management skills, strong skills in writing, excellent interpersonal skills, proven ability for influencing others for the purpose of buy-in, a work style that is assertive and self-directed, and effective presentation skills are the attributes that are required for the job. Experience aspects that are a preference in the job requirements include experience with technology-based training solutions and program implementation in a multi-unit, geographically dispersed organization (HR Jobs, 2009). The job of an OD project leader portrays the need to lead through the human resource function of increasing the value of the human asset in the organization, through the development and implementation of training programs which are essentially concentrated for this organization on the retail front level, though it is likely to extend to other areas of team development. The job requirement calls for appropriate education level of BA/Bs or n advanced degree along with a mix of experience and a wide range of attributes. This essential feature of the job stems from the challenges that will be thrown up in the execution of the job duties. OD project leaders are bound to be required in organizations that recognize the value of the human capital asset and seek means to exploit

Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Marketing Research Essay 1. Explain the difference between testing for significant differences and testing for association. If a relationship present between two variables, it is important to know thw direction, the direction of a relationship can be either positive or negative. An understanding of the strength of association also is important. Researchers generally categorize the stenght os association as no relationship, weak relationship, moderate relationship, or strong relationship. If a consistent and systematic relationship is not present, then there is no relationship. 2. Explain the difference between association and causation. It depends if we have a linear relationship, which means the strength and nature of the relationship between them remains the same over the range of both variables, and can be best described using a straight line; or a curvilinear relationship, which means the strength and/or direction of the relationship changes over the range of both variables. 3. What is covariation? How does it differ from correlation? Covariation is the amount of change in one variable that is consistently related to the change in another variable of interest. 4. What are the differences between univariate and bivariate statistical techniques? Univariate focuses on one variable, and bivariate focuses on 2 5. What is regression analysis? When would you use it? Statistical technique that analyzes the linear relationship between two variables by estimating coefficients for an equation for a straight line. One variable is designated as dependent variable and the other is called an independent or predictor variable. 6. What is the main problem caused by high multicollinearity among the independent variables in a multiple regression equation? A situation in which several independent variables are highly correlated with each other. This characteristic can result in difficulty in estimating separate or independent regression coefficients for the correlated variables.

A Typical Session :: essays research papers

Ronnie quietly walked into her bedroom and closed her door, locking it behind her. She turned on some music appropriate for the occasion; "Am I Wrong?" by Love Spit Love and "Perfect Day" by Lou Reed being her favorite background music during difficult times. Ronnie moved to her dresser and opened one of its many drawers. She pulled out an innocent-looking box of matches from a local candle store. After opening it, she took out a slightly blood-stained cardboard pocket. Inside... A gleaming razorblade. Pulling the blade from its protective sheath, Ronnie sat on her bed. She took a deep breath, gritted her teeth, and looked at her left forearm. It was getting harder and harder for her to cut; her scars were not easy to cut over, and neither were fresh scabs. Finding a suitable area, Ronnie braced herself and slowly dragged the blade across her skin. Immediately, a thin line of blood streaked across her open forearm. Ronnie could feel relief flowing through her body. How good it felt to cut! How wonderful to release all of her pent-up energy! Eagerly, Ronnie made a second cut. Then a third. And a fourth. Soon, she had rows and rows of thin red lines, each about three inches long, running down her arm. When she came to her inner elbow, she stopped. Ronnie sat and pondered for a moment. Should she, having run out of space on her forearm, make more cuts on the next best area... her left ankle? Debating mentally, Ronnie finally decided against it. After you've cut an area, you can't cut there again for at least a week while the scabs heal. She needed to save her ankle in case she wanted to cut again in the next few days. The cutting done, Ronnie grabbed the box of Kleenex next to her bed. She pressed the tissues against the flow of blood coming from her arm. After several minutes, the bleeding stopped. Ronnie wrapped paper towels around her affected limb so she wouldn't get blood on her shirt and secured the towels with Scotch tape.

Karl Marx and Weber

Choi, Sang Hyun History of Sociology Professor Denis Kim November 1, 2012 Karl Marx and Max Weber on Religion: Which one came first, the Chicken or the Egg? A strong discrepancy in interpretation of religions exists between the two great thinkers, Marx and Weber, in that Marx saw religions as â€Å"the opiate of the masses† (Marx, 1843:42) meaning that religions justify believers’ bitter lives and make them passive whereas Weber saw religions as having power to bring about not just social but economic changes (Jong Seo, 2005:231).On top of that, Marx believed that the religion is a dependent variable determined by the substructure- materialistic and economic conditions. Weber, in contrast, assumed that the religion played a role in enlightening or changing people’s thoughts and behaviors unconsciously, causing them to embrace a new way of living such as capitalism. These contrasts derive from the fact that these two intellectuals approached the religions from dif ferent perspectives.Most of Marx’s reasoning reveals the characteristics of methodological holism while Weber focused more on individuals and held on to the idea that individuals’ motives and philosophy are the source of changes and revolutions- methodological individualism. To begin with, it is critical to understand Marx and Weber’s sociological perspectives beforehand in order to grasp a comprehensive understanding with regard to the two thinkers’ ideas on religion. I believe that Marx revealed methodological holistic characteristics more from his study rather than methodological individualism. The opposite goes with the Weber’s perspective toward society.Marx’s approach tries to accept that fact that there are unseen things that are present such as relationships between individuals. The thing is that society enables itself to have control over individuals and tries to govern them with the unseen things. It is clear how Marx was on the me thodological holistic stance in terms of his emphasis on economic determinism. Marx believed that society is composed of two dominant structures-sub and super. He explained that the upper-super structure such as religions is determined by the substructure which is mainly about economic elements such as relation of production and force of production.Mark concluded that materials are the ones that bring about social changes (Turner, 2005:17). We can argue that his ideas were mainly centered on methodological holism because he put more emphasis on the role (power) of economy and substructure than individuals and superstructure. Under the given interpretation, religion has almost nothing to do with social or economic changes because it belongs to the super structure. Religion seems to be reduced to a mere dependent variable or by-product caused by the substructure in accordance with Marx (M. Argyle & B. Beit-Hallahmi, 1975:174-177).In contrast, methodological individualism was introduce d as a methodological precept for the social sciences by Max Weber, most importantly in the first chapter of â€Å"Economy and Society† (Weber, 1968 [1922]). It amounts to the claim that social phenomena must be explained by showing how they result from individual actions, which in turn must be explained through reference to the intentional states that motivate the individual actors. In other words, it can be described as the claim that explanations of â€Å"macro† social phenomena must be supplied with â€Å"micro† foundations, ones that specify an action-theoretic mechanism (Alexander, 1987).With this approach, Weber was able to value individuals as their own and tried to decipher what constituted people in terms of intangible elements such as ideas, motives, values, and beliefs. What strikes is that he had a great opportunity to go through the process of development of capitalism with the help of this approach. His most well-known and intuitive book, The Prot estant Ethic and the Spirit Capitalism, is a great culmination of his approach and shedded new light on the importance of spiritual and moral values, with providing remarkable insights on how humans’ abstract ideas and values can affect the society in a massive way.These two different ways of ‘making sense of society’ led them to conclude what religions could do in their contemporary societies. As stated above, Marx perceived economic factors or issues to be central and primary rather than marginal. It was inevitable that he saw religions as being marginal and of lesser importance. In his contemporary society, workers-proletariats were treated less than as they were supposed to be and exploited enormously. The workers had no choice but to succumb to the haves’-bourgeoisies- order or demands with the floods of workers when there were a few jobs available for them.They were, as Marx reasoned, about to take action to take over the capitalism in which they wer e subordinated. He asserted and hoped that communism would take over the capitalism’s place and people would live in a society where alienation and private ownership are nowhere to be seen. It was only possible with the combined power of proletariat. However, religion played a role in soothing the wrath of the exploited class and made it almost impossible to accumulate certain level of collective behavior. Religion acted as a refuge from a suffering life for the proletariat.There comes Marx’ view on religion that the religion was a refuge from a suffering life. It is famously quoted that â€Å"Religion is the opiate of the masses† (Marx, 1843:42). In other words, religion teaches people to give up materialistic conditions and procrastinate worldly happiness and rewards to spiritual world (Giddens, 2011:580). Even though it is tough to live in the society, one is encouraged that the post-life would be much promising according to Marx’s view. People have an imaginary refugee to which they would escape from their harsh real life.They are more likely to succumb to the social pressures or injustice because it will be okay in the spiritual world. They would endure socially and morally wrong actions and stick with their life no matter how hard it is. As these people take part in religious activities or listen to the preaching, they are unconsciously justified that their bitter lives might be what they were supposed to be, which led to class-in-itself being unable to reach the next step-class-for-itself with class consciousness. As stated above, no-communist revolution would be accomplished in terms of religions’ impacts on the exploited.According to Marx, this process must be changed or stopped since it has a negative influence on people’s awakening or realizing their real situation in which they are exploited (Swatos, 1998:499). Weber, on the other hand, pursued answers of how the pivotal spirit ‘ethos’ in the c ontemporary western societies emerged and where the western the societies were heading in terms of religion. His initial interest was sparked by the fact that most of the highly achieved and skilled superior workers are from protestant background (Weber, 2006:233). Weber considered that there was an apparent relationship etween certain religious affiliations (particularly Protestantism) and business success, and suggests that this association might indicate an elective affinity between the two. In his book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit Capitalism, he asserted that there are two determining factors that contributed to the development of capitalism in western societies. First, Calvin’s doctrine of predestination played a significant role in upbringing people’s ascetic attitude or way of life. According to Calvin’s doctrine, one’s possibility (destination) of salvation is beyond the reach of humans’ knowing.Not only the ordinary, but also the p riests are excluded in the ‘knowing’ process. Furthermore, humans are not able to change their pre-destined salvation acceptance or rejection. No one but God knows who will be redeemed. Humans are powerless before God and expect or hope to be chosen as one of the ‘lucky’ ones. It is possible that we can conclude humans in that era were too hopeless and powerless to advance their lives with enthusiasm. But it isn’t. The thing was that humans were not aware of their pre-destined salvation but can be aware of signs of salvation in the pursuit of worldly success only with frugal and ascetic attitude.That is to say that they are justifying their material success and imposing responsibility at the same time (Jong Seo, 2005). Under the given circumstance, people are always in the pursuit of ‘working hard’, ‘not wasting money’, and ‘accumulation of wealth’ in order to know if they are to be redeemed or not. Even with ex cessive amount of money, they would not stop themselves from working hard and ascetic life because that’s what they were striving for: proof of salvation. Second, Calvin’s religious calling played an important role in making people set the attitude stated above.Every vocation is valued and by all means worthy of God’s calling. The thing is that not only sacred priests but other menial workers are also valued and sacred under the Calvin’s religious calling. It encourages people to accept the idea that â€Å"no matter what you do, you should make an effort in your job because it’s valuable, divine, and godly†. Also, as people were more aware of the notion or values, they were more likely to be committed to their jobs and lives (Weber, 2006:120). These two characteristics of protestant ethics led to more accumulation of ealth and rational management and work ethics (Weber, 2006). This is noteworthy that even with the enormous capital, one is no t tempted to taste his or her rewards which is highly unimaginable in modern societies. This goes further that these protestants participated in their daily and worldly activities with ascetic attitude which in turn boosted capitalism in western societies. In other words, protestants’ ethics, Weber argued, have a positive influence on building the spirit of capitalism.Although society has improved and developed the way never witnessed before with firm establishment of capitalism, it is unlikely to find this kind of protestant ethics sustaining in the modern society because a row of inherited property without the essence of spirits and ethics gifted the sons and daughters of the protestants with no responsibility, making them ‘fat pigs’ rather than ‘dissatisfied Socrates’, figuratively speaking. John Wesley, the founder of Methodist church, was also concerned with the likeliness of ‘earning more money with less religious spirit’ (Weber, 2 006:189).From my point of view, I personally believe that Weber’s idea on religion is more suitable compared to that of Marx in explaining the modern society. First, I agree with Weber’s main argument on religion that religious (Protestant) ethics are one of core factors bringing out changes in our lives. This is because Protestant ethics such as ‘diligent, hard-working, and ascetic’ are related to the idea of merit system which is, in our modern lives, believed to be ‘the way’ for equality and fairness. We live in a society where unfairness flourishes and hope to diminish whatever exists between the reality and the ideal world.The reason why this unfair world is justified is that we believe that the world values and approves those who try really hard in their field with diligence (Sang Jin, 2011:3). The protestant ethics, I believe, played a role in leading the meritocratic ideas to our lives. Those protestants proved the fact that people wit h hard-work and abstinence were surely able to achieve ‘success’ in lives, and looked up to as ‘worthy of praise’. It’s likely that people have gradually believed that the society where these protestant people are successful is just and fair because they try harder than the majority of people.This leads to the idea of merit system through which humans can justify their world. In other words, by proving success with hard-work, protestant ethics paved the way for meritocracy. Second of all, the abstract religious spirits can play an important role in maintaining the society. The religions have a tendency to lead to people’s voluntary and active participation in social and political issues which is different from Marx’s expectation. Marx believed that religion has an influence on making people submissive and obedient. However, we now see that religions are spread out massively to help out those who need attention, care, and assist.When one is involved in any activities in religion, they are more likely to act and behave than people with no religions. As they take part in the religious activities voluntarily, their community or religious area in bound to be more strongly integrated because they have something in common: religious spirit and altruistic mindset. We can infer from Durkheim’s study on suicide that those with religions have less likeliness to commit suicide than those without because they are more integrated and associated in society which leads to a more sustainable society (Durkheim, 1952[1897]).Finally, despite the fact that the original spirit of capitalism might have been diminished or in decline, it already provided an ‘image’ of religious people and acts as a criterion for those. Some say that the religious or protestant ethics are already faded away, but it’s still true that we have a some sort of image towards religious people that they would be more ‘uprightâ€⠄¢ and ‘ascetic’ than non-religious people. For example, when Koreans hang out nowadays, they often ask one another if they drink alcohol or not. And we usually take it for granted that the people believing in God do not drink alcohol.Likewise, these people mainly Christian-Protestant are expected not to drink ‘alcohol’ or do ‘drugs’. This is because we know by experiencing a bunch of these people that â€Å"These guys are not (mostly) bad guys†. Even if they do not possess the mindset as their ancestors did, the society already formed some sort of ‘image’ toward these religious people throughout the history. Therefore, the society enables and enforces the religious people to act and behave in accordance with ‘the protestant’. In other words, â€Å"their ancestors’ image still lives within us and affects our lives†.Even though I believe that Weber’s idea on religion is more proper when it co mes to explanations of modern world, it would be more reasonable and wise to make a leap with both of the great thinkers’ explanations. This is because these so-called sociologists seem to lag behind the other in some field and some not. For example, Weber’s reasoning was not sufficient in explaining Eastern countries huge development even with the religion- Confucianism which considered to be negative in capitalism’s improvement (Weber, 2006:243).And Marx’s reasoning would require additional explanations of modern religions in that religions are diversified and playing roles as many. These two dominant thinkers’ ideas are not contradictory but supplementary to some extent because both of the arguments can replace and be replaced by the other (Giddens, 2011:584). In conclusion, these great thinkers had different approaches on religion and elicited their unique conclusions based on their observations.Marx saw religions as â€Å"the opiate of the ma sses† and perceived it as a ‘negative thing’ for humans’ freedom from alienation and revolutions through workers’ collective angers whereas Weber saw religions as somewhat ‘positive influencer’ in that flourish of capitalism in western countries was based on protestant ethics which was the direct movement of ‘religion’(Calvinism, to be exact). In their analysis of religions, they showed the ways they regard religions as somewhat dependent variables-Marx and somewhat independent variables-Weber (Jong Seo, 2005).Controversy exists over whether who provided more reasonable and relevant insights to our world because both of the reasoning has some weak points and strong points. However, I believe that Weber’s idea on religion is more suitable in order to explain the modern society due to, social maintenance, and religious criteria, and the rise of meritocracy. No matter what one says, we are not certain which one came firs t between the chicken and the egg due to uncertainty. There is no absolute answer for this question.Marx and Weber’s observations of religions as dependent or independent variables are reminiscent of this never-solving causality dilemma. A circular cause and consequence like ‘seeing religion as the starter’ and ‘seeing religion as the result’ make us wonder the question of â€Å"Which came first, X that can't come without Y, or Y that can't come without X? † We would be trapped in an endless process of logics and pursuant of definite answer. Maybe it’s not the answer that matters but the understanding in the process that matters.The understanding that the somewhat contradictory views can, in actuality, be used as a supplement to the other so that it can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of not just religion but society in general, which as learners of sociology should pursue. All in all, the comparison of Marx and Weber on reli gion tells us that there is no categorical answer but understanding through which we gain our own perspectives of life. Works Cited Amanda, Review on Marx and Weber on Religion http://web. grinnell. edu/courses/soc/f01/soc295-02/marx_weber. html Giddens Anthony, Sociology. , 2011Jong Seo Kim, Sociology of Religion, , 2005 Marx Karl, Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1977 M. Argyle ; B. Beit-Hallahmi, The Social Psychology of Religion, London: Routledge ; Kegan Paul, 1975 Sang Jin Jeon, , , 2011 Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, definition, http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/methodological-individualism/ Swatos William H, Peter Kivisto, Encyclopedia of religion and society, Rowman Altamira, 1998 Turner Jonathan H. , Sociology. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005 Weber Max, Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism, Ed, , , 2006

Minute Clinic Essay

1) There are four promotion strategies for the intangible services. The first one is stressing tangible cues. A tangible cue is a concrete symbol of the service offering. The facilities that customers visit or from which services are delivered, are a critical tangible part of the total service offering. Minute Clinic healthcare centers are open seven days a week with later hours than traditional doctors have. They don’t require appointments and can provide patients with a diagnosis and prescription within 15-45 minutes; in this way the long waits are avoided. They are located in convenient retail settings. The second promotion strategy is the use of personal information sources. A personal information source is someone consumers are familiar with or someone they admire or can relate to personally. Minute Clinic is an innovator in the â€Å"retailization of healthcare†. The company is expanding very quickly as there’s a need for cheaper and more accessible healthcare. In addition more than 80% of the patients are satisfied with the convenience of the retail clinic, and with the quality and the cost of services. The third promotion strategy is the creation of a strong organizational image. One way to implement it is to manage the evidence, including the physical environment of the service facility, the appearance of the service employees, and the tangible items associated with a service. MinuteClinic is staffed by nurse practitioners and physician assistants who specialize in family healthcare. It offers cheap and accessible healthcare. It provides basic medical services for common ailments, offers vaccines, physicals and electronic records. The last promotion strategy is the engagement in post purchase communication. It refers to the follow-up activities that a service might engage in after a customer transaction. For example in 2006 the Harris Interactive poll was held and in the end the response to the clinics has been positive. 2) Customized services are more flexible, respond to individual customers’ needs and usually command a higher price. The standardized services are more efficient and cost less. The mass customization instead uses technology to deliver customized services on a mass basis, which results in giving each customer whatever she or he asks for. MinuteClinic‘s services are standardized as they are efficient and cost less. Nevertheless they do incorporate elements of mass customization as they use the electronic medical records system for the needs of each single patient and on a mass basis. 3) Customers evaluate service quality by five components: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibles. MinuteClinic demonstrated reliability and responsiveness during the flu outbreak in Minnesota by implementing a hub-and-spoke approach for better inventory control, offering the shots in only eight MinuteClinic locations. They hired supplemental nursing staff and administered up to 300 shots a day each. MinuteClinic performed the service dependably, accurately, consistently and promptly. During the flu outbreak the lines became very long so MinuteClinic created children’s areas, added televisions, videos and coloring books to keep kids entertained and make the wait easier for families. This was the technique MinuteClinic used to impress customers with tangible physical evidence that the clinics care about them. 4) Place (Distribution) strategies for service organizations must focus on such issues as convenience, number of outlets, direct versus indirect distribution, location and scheduling. Thanks to this strategy the company was successful among patients and expanded quickly. With its marketing mix MinuteClinic focuses on place, pricing and distribution. The fact that the clinic is located in convenient retail settings adds to its growing appeal. As the prices are affordable, the distribution is direct and fast the company expands very quickly.

How to Use Abbreviations (6 Top Tips) - Get Proofed!

How to Use Abbreviations (6 Top Tips) - Get Proofed! How to Use Abbreviations (6 Top Tips) Abbreviations can be tricky, so it’s important to use them correctly. That’s why we’ve created this list of top tips about using abbreviations in your written work! 1. When to Abbreviate You don’t need to abbreviate every long word. It’s best to save abbreviations for terms you use repeatedly, especially long words or complicated phrases. Keep in mind that using too many abbreviations can make a document hard to read. This is known as ‘alphabet soup’. My alphabet soup just says ooooooooooo 2. Acronyms and Initialisms We’ve discussed acronyms and initialisms previously elsewhere, but here’s a quick reminder: Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations made up of the first letters in a phrase (e.g., CIA = Central Intelligence Agency; NBC = National Broadcasting Company) All acronyms and initialisms should be defined on their first use by giving the full terminology followed by the abbreviated version in brackets Once defined, the shortened version should be used in place of the full term Stick to these basic rules and you should be fine! 3. Contractions Contractions are created by combining two words. This usually involves omitting some letters, as indicated by an apostrophe: Who will → Who’ll Cannot → Can’t I am → I’m These words are common in many types of writing, but you shouldn’t use them in formal documents. 4. Latin Abbreviations Quite a few common abbreviations are based on Latin terms. The most famous are: E.g. (exempli gratia) = Used when giving an example I.e. (id est) = Used when explaining something Etc. (et cetera) = Used to show that a list is incomplete You’ll find even more Latin abbreviations in academic writing, especially when referencing sources. 5. Punctuation When shortening a word, we usually add a period afterwards: Mister → Mr. Doctor → Dr. September → Sept. The main exceptions here are measurements, which are written without extra punctuation (e.g., â€Å"cm† for centimeter). The exception to this exception, however, is â€Å"in.,† which is short for â€Å"inches.† We add the extra period in this case so that the abbreviation isn’t confused for the word â€Å"in†. With acronyms and initialisms, meanwhile, there’s usually no need to add periods between each letter. However, some people prefer to include periods, especially with â€Å"U.S.† and â€Å"U.S.A.† Its patriotic either way. 6. Create a List of Abbreviations Finally, you may want to create a list of abbreviations at the start of your document. You can use this to define any abbreviations you use, giving the reader an easy point of reference. A good tip is to make a list as you go, as then you don’t miss anything.

Chemistry of Fireworks - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Chemistry of Fireworks - Smart Custom Writing Irony and Satire in Jane Austen novelsIrony, satire, and parody are the soul of Jane Austen’s novels because of the humorous aspects of life she presents in her novels. The aspects are visible to good sense in their contemplation of erroneous judgments. Both novels present the reader with a several characters that play different roles in bringing out the aspects of humor and wit in the two novels. It can also be noted that the stories unfold from different angles as the author brings out several vices that are either morally or ethically unaccepted.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irony is the hall mark of her style because this irony is not merely a particular way of saying or creating things (Bhattacharyya 80). Irony in this tale is rather the expression of the infinite within a man who has at once a delicate, sensitive, and subtle perception of the contrasts and contradictions with which human life is filled. On the other hand both novels make use of one common device throughout that is satire. Satire is a literary attitude used to make pleasurable aspects of character vices or weakness. This is done with the purpose of modifying the subject being attacked. Besides this satire utilized in the story confirms how excitement is poked at things that are collectively unacceptable and downplayed, creating an ironic sense of wit. Quintero says that pride and prejudice demonstrated satire when women in her tale were supposedly animated by sentiment (290). According to Quintero the definition of satire as a genre meant to expose vices for the purposes of correction lingers on in this novel (290). In addition Bhattacharyya says that pride and prejudice tale is not laughter provoking but they have a rippling sense of pleasure behind them (80). In this novel satire connotes moral purpose but the author never lashes human follies. Colebrook says that while irony in the pride and prejudice and zombies consequently delimits human life by positing an elevated concept that is not realized, satire examines life and its inherent propensities (108). In this tale Jane Austen (1775-1817) parody is depicted in the way several characters take their local sentiments for universal truths. Colebrook says that â€Å"the author displays the blindness of the characters who believe themselves to be in simple possession of either a moral law or a social code† (108).   While satire brings out individual characters against the morals of parody in this novel is portrayed by the vanities and tendencies of human nature and they also present characters that arrive at fulfillment only through knowing and reflecting upon social nature of man (Colebrook 108). On the other hand Austen shows satire through the art of fiction and recognition through examining the follies of others with a full perception of our own weakness. In this story satire unlike parody assumes the common ground of man and therefore works against the traditional aim of irony and elevated or urbane point of view above and beyond natural life (Colebrook 108). Moreover, Bhattacharyya also indicated that in the story pride and prejudice, irony is a mode of speech in which the implied attitudes or evaluations are opposed to those literally expressed (81). The tale is in many occasions irony is a contrast between reality and illusion. For example Bhattacharyya says that the first sentence of the novel is tinged with irony as the sentence runs â€Å"it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (81). This is not a truth that is universal to every man because the contrast appears to be true in most cases. On the other hand, satire is also demonstrated in the novel since the author does not reveal enough about what Darcy is supposed to be thinking. Walder says that â€Å"in Elizabeth’s crucial conservations with Jane, the antithetical technique, contrasting Elizabeth’s satire with Jane’s candor (231). Satire is depicted in the novel because as a whole intelligence is represented as faulty in the novel. The readers admire Elizabeth’s wit and sharing her lively and satire vision. Walder further says that reformation is not complete until near the end of the novel and everyone notices that the second, less satire and extrovert half of pride and prejudice is less enjoyable than the first.   Bhattacharyya says that â€Å"irony is being used as an instrument of revealing the difference between appearance and reality is always a source of inspiration and amusement† (81). This is depicted when Darcy remarks about Elizabeth that â€Å"she is not handsome enough to tempt me† and soon after gets captivated by a â€Å"pair of fine eyes† of Elizabeth† (Bhattacharyya 81). In addition irony of character is even more prominent in the novel than irony of situation. For example â€Å"Elizabeth prides herself on her perception and disdains Jane’s blindness to the realities is herself quite blinded by her own prejudices† (Bhattacharyya 82) The novel pride and prejudice and zombies it is a complete parody but then it comes out in a complicated form. Austen has mirrored the original work effectively enough so that the flow is fresh and funny.   In addition, Ross says that the novel explores the purpose of parody that ranges from a playful imitation to harsh satire (49). Compared to irony, the author also portrays successful parodies in which the element of celebration is clearly shown. For example in the novel Pride and Prejudice and zombies parody is depicted when Darcy says â€Å"which do you mean? And turning round he looked for a moment at Elizabeth till catching her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said â€Å"she is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me; I am in no humor at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men† (Austen 13). In this case the style in which parody is been shown is pretentious one because it is deflated by mockery hence its function is challenged so as to renovate and renew it (Ross 49). Like satire, irony in pride and prejudice is clearly depicted when a rich and influential man falls in love with a relatively poor and powerless young woman. It appears as a surprise to Elizabeth that Darcy finds himself in love with her while the author Austen makes it clear how wonderful it is that such a man should fall in love at all (Polhemus 29). In the beginning of the story there is more irony because the match was not very compelling because the reason why he fell in love with Elizabeth and marry her but at the end the match between the two looks perfectly reasonable. Pride and prejudice shows how from historical perspective the association between the sexes where men could seem princes and women scullery maids. The ironic part of the story is depicted on the basis that though Elizabeth comes to love him by the end it is not at all clear that   she ever falls in love with him because in their romance man falls in love with woman and that fall into love is the fortunate fall of Austen’s erotic faith (Polhemus 29). The story further shows the readers that the world is often a sordid, dull, menacing, and disappointing place without love. The irony is that the power of love in pride and prejudice works to generate faith, hope, and charity. Parody on the other hand is depicted when the story explores that Darcy’s love for Elizabeth curbs his arrogance and makes him a kinder and better man (Polhemus 29).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the utmost and most exhibited satires in the story is illustrated through the most humorous man Mr. Collins. Mr. Collins character is rather hilarious in the entire text because of his apparent foolishness and his lack of understanding to his vices. Mr. Collins persistently acquaints himself with people of the superior class than his, for example Lady Catherine and Mr. Darcy who are regarded as high status people. He relates so much with these two people by the means of continued trips to the Rosins estate and Balls. Mr. Collins began to relate himself with Lady Catherine and Mr. Darcy, making himself comes out as higher class individual than he really is. With this phony sense of being Mr. Collins indisputably makes a fool out of himself giving the readers a clear picture of satire (MRU database). Like irony, satire is employed in the entire novel Pride and Prejudice. This is because Austen starts to put across her own dissatisfactions of her own personalities and also reveals her own dilemma with the way in which society was footed upon class during her era. This application of satire becomes supplementary than just a mechanism that conveys humor to the readers. It is also a device that shows the communal issues that were there in Victorian England in Austen’s time making it an essential element to the story. Satire is employed in Pride and Prejudice by the author to show the shortcomings in moralities and ethics of the subjects that Austen criticizes of. Satire is thus used hit at the characters in order to bring new changes. The type of characters she ridicules is ignorant in the author’s context. For example Jane Austen condemns Mr. Collins causing her to bother and satirizes him. Because of staying with Lady Catherine, Mr. Collins has demoralized himself.   This is because he imagines and speaks highly of individual’s superior than himself, such as, Lady Catherine DeBourgh. This is demonstrated when he was invited by Lady Catherine Mr. Collins tells Elizabeth who he was proposing to "Do not make yourself uneasy, my dear cousin, about / your apparel. Lady Catherine is far from requiring that elegance of dress in us which becomes herself and / daughter. I would advise you merely to put on whatever / of your clothes is superior to the rest / ...she likes to have the disti nction of rank preserved" (Austen 137). Austen in both novels illustrates that satire is the lesson while parody is the game. Ross says that parody can never have the force of satire because it seeks to undermine established attitudes in the author’s work (49). Darcy for example shows the original form of parody of the existing social order but it can be seen as an authorized transgression of norms. For example Elizabeth in both novels was displayed as the anti-heroine of romance a parody that accounts for the tough personality of the conqueror and her challenging of modesty by conversation and action (Austen 13). The characters and incidents in the novel pride and prejudice are used to give the audience a taste and critical sense of parody because every incident unfolds in a manner in which it advances the progress of the story (Austen 13). This can be elaborated when â€Å"Darcy walked off, Elizabeth felt her blood turn cold because she had never in her life been so insulted hence the warrior code demanded she av enge her honor† (Austen 13). Bhattacharyya says that it interesting to note how the author deals with parody, satire, and irony in both novels. Bhattacharyya says that â€Å"the readers can notice that the Elizabeth-Darcy story is told with surface romanticism and it contains most of the verbal irony of the novel† (89). On the other hand it is important to note that â€Å"the Wickham-Lydia and Charlotte-Collins episodes are treated romantically with a solid foundation in social realism and with rather sordid and happy implications which in them the functions of parody comes out clearly† (Bhattacharyya 89).   Another example of parody is through Darcy’s realization of his mistake that gradually leads to reconciliation between Jane and Bingley. Besides this we notice that Lydia’s sudden elopement with Wickham leads to the marriage between Elizabeth and Darcy and also Charlotte’s sudden acceptance of Collins’s proposal leads to theirs (Bhattacharyya 89). Parody is demonstrated in the above series of events because one incident leads to the occurrence of another event (marriage) between the characters in the novels. In this context irony is evident. This is because the story becomes uncharacteristically clumsy from this point. This is because irony is illustrated when the reader realizes that the proud man is writing meekly to the girl who has rejected him unconditionally. Bhattacharyya says that satire is demonstrated through the novelistic technique of seduction as a suitable climax which Austen shows a standard chase by an outraged father, a friendly uncle and a now impeccable hero who makes devoted efforts to wed the scheming profligate Wickham to the innocent victim Lydia (90).   In contrast to parody, satire is demonstrated by Austen in pride and prejudice and zombie when Charlotte says â€Å"I wish Jane success with all my heart and if she were married to him tomorrow I should think she had as good chance of happiness as if she were to be studying his character for a twelve month. He further comes out clearly and says that happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance and it is better to know as little as possible of the defects of the person with whom you are to pass your life† (20). Satire in this passage is evident because it appears like he is offering a lesson to Jane of what to do and learn when she enters into marriage. In pride and prejudice as well as pride and prejudice and zombies, Jane Austen has given a multitude of characters that bring out the picture of irony, satire, and parody. This is because according to Bhattacharyya the characters are perfectly discriminated from one another as if they are the most eccentric of human beings (94). There is also a sense of pervasive irony in the characters of Jane Austen’s novel. Bhattacharyya says that â€Å"the irony is betrayed in her portraiture of the characters of Elizabeth, Darcy, Collins, Wickham and others† (95). Irony is the soul of the author’s comic view of life because she recognizes the antithesis in human experience that is the contrast between reality and appearance (Bhattacharyya 95). Satire is illustrated through Collins character who besides being a humorous character. Bhattacharyya says that had it not been for Collins, Elizabeth and Darcy could not have come together as they do in the end (97). This is because it was Collins who first gave the information of engagement of Darcy and Elizabeth. Parody on the other hand is demonstrated through Mrs. Bennet who is seen as a woman of mean understanding because though she has been married for twenty years she is shown as unable to judge her husband (Bhattacharyya 97). Her remarks adds parody to the novel and at the same time she does not see the stupidity of Collins but tries to force her daughter to marry him though without success. In conclusion, the functions of satire, parody and irony in the two novels is evident. These three aspects in the two novels help us to gain a good understanding of the characters. They bring humor to the novels thus the comic characters used by the author are significant in different angles of the novels. They act as a guide and to an extent they portrayed in such a manner as to make satire, parody, and irony in their portraiture not too blatant. Satire, parody, and irony do not just give the picture but lets the reader make his or her own judgment. Works cited Bhattacharyya, Jibhesh. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers Distributors 2005. Grahame-Smith, Seth and Austen, Jane. Pride and prejudice and zombies: the classic Regency Romance. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books 2009. Polhemus, Robert M.   Erotic Faith: Being in Love from Jane Austen to D. H. Lawrence. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 1995. Quintero, Ruben. A companion to satire. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell 2007. Ross, Alison. The language of humour. New York, NY: Routledge 1998. Walder, Dennis. The realist novel. New York, NY: Routledge 1995.

History Of Aromatherapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History Of Aromatherapy - Essay Example For this ancient culture, perfumes and aromatherapy were a part of daily life, with perfumed substances used in both religious rituals and in medicine. Fragrances were so important to the ancient Egyptians that one of their deities was dedicated to them. Nefertem, the God of perfume, was an important figure in the Egyptian pantheon3, and is linked to Egyptian creation myths as well as being the official patron of plant-based cosmetic and healing arts. Nefertem was most closely linked to the lotus flower, which is still an integral component of Chinese medicine in the present day. The ancient Egyptians used plant oils in religious ceremonies and rituals of all types including embalming, purifying, healing, beautifying, and bathing4. They are known to have used a number of aromatic compounds, including myrrh, frankincense, cedarwood, juniper, and coriander5. Records which date back to 4500 BC mention aromatic oils, barks, resins, and spices used in medicine, religious ritual, and embalming. Many different uses for various plant extracts are documented. For example; hayfever was treated with antimony, aloe, myrrh, and honey6. Queen Nefertiti is said to have used cleansing beauty masks made of honey, milk, and flower pollens7, and to have bathed in oils from 80 different fruits and herbs to keep her skin soft. The Egyptians are thought to have used the processes of distillation and enfleurage to extract plant oils8. The enfleurage technique involves drying flowers over a rack of lard or tallow so that the fat absorbs their scent. This technique was used to extract scent from the Nile lotus, an important ingredient in Egyptian perfumery which features prominently in temple art. Scented substances were included in many of the rituals involved in preparation for the afterlife. They included containers of scented oils at burial sites of the deceased for them to use in the afterlife, and tucked branches of antiseptic herbs such as rosemary within the folds of the cloth wrappings to help preserve the mummy. Cedarwood, clove and myrrh oils were used to embalm the dead. Traces of such herbs have been discovered with intact portions of mummified bodies, with the herb's scent faint but still apparent9. Aromatherapy through the Ages Both the ancient Greeks and Romans gained much of their knowledge of aromatherapy from Egyptian culture10. As trade routes began to open up between Egypt and Europe, the Greeks followed the Egyptians' lead in using plant oils both medicinally and cosmetically. Greek soldiers carried essential oils such as myrrh into battle for the treatment of wounds11, while the famous 'father of medicine', Hippocrates, believed that daily aromatic baths and scented massages were essential to good health12. Knowing that certain plants had antibacterial properties, he urged people to burn these as protection when plague broke out in Athens. Later, the Romans also imported aromatic products from the Far East13. The Romans mastered the art of aromatics, and discovered that while some fragrances were stimulating and uplifting, others had relaxing sedative effects. During the European plague of the 14th century, over eighty million people across